Leanardo da vinci

Biography: Leonardo Dad Vinci was born in 1452, April 15 in Italy and passed away in 1519, May 2 at the age of 67. He was one of the best apprentices at Andrea del Veronica and he learnt many things as a student. His most famous works were Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, The Vitamins on Man and The Lady with a Ermine. Leonardo was one of the most acknowledge artist of his time, he did not only paint he also drew and made sculptures. He was an inventor and a scientist. Visual analysis:Movement- my eyes first go to the baby and this is because the image is filled with quite dark colors whereas the baby painted in a lot lighter neutral colors. Then it goes to the hands of the baby and his mother Mary and you can see the flower they are holding, then it goes to the window and the background. When everything is so dark your eyes immediately go to the lighter areas and I could see that in this artwork. Harmony-The emotion of Mary and the baby are very calm, comfortable and pure happiness and t he colors are also similar and it complements each other.Contrast- The use of the light and the shadows give it depth although it has a low contrast because the work feels soothing and subtle and not so energetic. Emphasis: I padded special attention to the baby because it is the focal point of the artwork and it pops out of the whole image, even though it doesn't take up a lot of space it still is clearly visible. I blurred out the rest of the image when I looked at the baby and you can see the great depth of the artwork. Balance- The balance would be asymmetrical because there is a vary of visual weight.Line-He used curved lines which make it feel, soft, relaxing and brings a sense of comfort. Form- The form would be three dimensional because there is depth and it also looks extremely realistic. Color-Len this painting he has a variety of tone you can see this with the baby because it goes from skin color, to a bronze skin color, light brown and then a darker brown. There is not a lot of hue. Texture: because it's a mother with a baby it looks very warm like the baby shows comfort and it looks very soft. Leonardo dad Vinci By Angier_21

Brief History of Radio Broadcasting Essay

According to an online article that was written by Gearbox (2011), the radio has become one of our most simple forms of broadcasting and communication. From helping connect soldiers on the front line of battle to entertaining the commuter on their ride to work, the radio is a part of everyday life. The article gives a brief history of radio broadcasting, in addition to how the low cost and simplicity of technology has become very easy to tune in to your favorite station, even though it was not always that way. The article mentioned that it began in 1887 when a man named Heinrich Hertz discovered radio waves and their ability to transmit code wirelessly. Hertz’s research was followed up by Reginald Fessenden who created the first continuous wave generator, which was inspired by the action of skipping stones across water. The article went on to talk about the dawn of commercial radio and how the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) was established bringing about innovations in high powered radio. he article stated that Frank Conrad an engineer for Westinghouse was the first to begin broadcasting, which he did out of his garage, where he began broadcasting sports, news, and music while at the same time giving â€Å"free advertising† spots to people. The article gave a brief description of how Sears Department stores begin to buy into the new technology selling approximately 17 million units between 1925 and 1930 which gave radio the title of â€Å"mass media†. The article went into more detail about how large audience radio stations began selling on-air advertising time helping to generate 27 million dollars a year in 1937. The article further spoke about the first major network that began broadcasting was NBC (1926) and soon after CBS was started as competition. The article then elaborated on how these stations began to hire big names like Jack Benny, George Burns, and Ed Wynn to do on air shows. The article also stated that the popularity of radio interference started to become a problem, resulting in licenses issued by the government, which was later defined as AM radio, standardized channels, and eradicated portable stations. The article mentioned that during the depression in 1930, spending on radio tripled and the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) was developed to regulate foreign commerce communication by radio.

African American Literatury Essay

African-American literature can be defined as writings by people of African descent living in the United States of America. The African-American literary tradition began with the oral culture long before any of the materials in it were written on. Throughout their American history, African-Americans have used the oral culture as a natural part of black expressive culture. They are very powerful voices that give fuller meanings to words on a page. The America South is an important landscape in African-American literature. The South was a primary port of entry for slaving vessels. Most black slaves remained in the Southern states. The South was an important place for the African-American literature because the South was served as the site of hope and change for the black slaves but there were also horrors. The majority of African captives entered the New World from the Southern ports and remained in the Southern states. They relied heavily on the African cultural heritage and belief systems familiar to them. During their 300 years of slavery and servitude, black slaves and their descendants developed a complex relationship with the South. Amiri Baraka concluded that the South is a part of the scene of the crime, a land that is about the site of hope and the scene of the crime. For many African Americans, the South serves as the site of hope and change. The South has given birth to many African-American cultural practices, such as literature. This is the spiritual and ancestral home for African Americans and plays a dominant role in African-American literature. Before the American Civil War, African-American literature primarily focused on the issue of slavery, as indicated by the subgenre of slave narratives The most noted authors were all incited and inspired by the goings on in the south. Frederick Douglass was one of the most important African-American authors from the literary landscape in the South. He chronicled his life from bondage to freedom in his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself (1845), which helped the American public to know the truth about the institution of slavery and dismiss the myth that slaves were happy and treated well. He said, the South was not only a notorious site of slavery, it was also a landscape of racial terror and widespread violence. The biggest crime the South ever committed is the institution and perpetuation of slavery. But the Southern landscape is more than just the â€Å"scene of the crime† in African-American literature. It has multiple personalities that demand multiple treatments. Many 20th-century African-American writers, whether born and raised in the South or not, have used the southern landscape in their works to explore the complex relationships African-American communities have with the South. In her poem â€Å"Southern Song,† Margaret Walker (1915 – 1998) sings a praise song to the southern suns and southern land despite the â€Å"mobs† and â€Å"a nightmare full of oil and flame. † Southern Song I want my body bathed again by southern suns, my soul reclaimed again from southern land. I want to rest again in southern fields, in grass and hay and clover bloom; to lay my hand again upon the clay baked by a southern sun, to touch the rain-soaked earth and smell the smell of soil. I want my rest unbroken in the fields of southern earth; freedom to watch the corn wave silver in the sun and mark the splashing of a brook, a pond with ducks and frogs and count the clouds. I want no mobs to wrench me from my southern rest; no forms to take me in the night and burn my shack and make for me a nightmare full of oil and flame. I want my careless song to strike no minor key; no fiend to stand between my body’s soutnern song–the fusion of the South, my body’s song and me. Margaret Walker’s poem characterizes the complex literary representations of the South in a great deal of African-American literature, for the speaker at once basks in the beauty of her homeland (â€Å"I want my body bathed again by southern suns†). Yet at the same time experiences a homecoming complicated by the threat of Southern violence (â€Å"I want no mobs to wrench me from my southern rest†). The theme of the southern home and its layered history is a prevalent one throughout the tradition of African-American literature. In conclusion, 90 percent of African-Americans lived in the South, it is no wonder that this landscape has taken on a great deal of cultural and historical significance. Literature from the South is complex and often absurd, as the region emerges repeatedly as a site of home.

Literature Review for Chapter 2 of research project Essay - 1

Literature Review for Chapter 2 of research project - Essay Example They become habituated in performing a specific type’s job and are not comfortable to accept any changes which affect their job. But the company creates pressure on them in accepting the changes which causes stress among the employees. Excessive amount of stress cause illness and results in absenteeism of employees. This type of employees cannot match up to the expectations of the company with cause stress in them. As the requirements of the company increases the stress level of the employees also increases. The organizational members need to perform better for matching up the expectation level of the company. By following the views of the researchers, strong co-operations of the companies with the employees helps them to build good connection with the organization. Financial performance of the company is also enhanced by supporting the employees for fulfilling their goals and objectives. But according to the authors the many employees are very inefficient. Work pressure compe ls them to deliver good performances. They often tend to delay the work process by not being present in the office. Absenteeism of employees creates huge financial loss of the companies. Absenteeism can be controlled by maintaining attendance record off organizational members in details. This will help the company to know which employees are frequently taking leaves and off. With the help of this record the companies can take necessary actions against the employees and can encourage them to actively participate in the work process. The researchers emphasize that traditional approach of preventing absenteeism is by giving punishment and rewards. But many companies follow various modern techniques for reducing absenteeism. According to the researchers organizational leaders play a vital role in reducing the stress issues of the employees by

Is citizen journalism the saviour of a free press Discuss the Essay

Is citizen journalism the saviour of a free press Discuss the opportunities and challenges raised by this new form of media, production with reference to specific examples - Essay Example This is what is commonly known as citizen journalism and has taken toll in social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook. The world by being connected by the internet has made news transmission faster and easier to obtain from all corners of the world. In the event of major news events, some influential people in the social media platform tend to have large crowds of people that follow them and believe in everything that they say (Wall 2012, p.42). Nowadays, majority of people receive breaking news via this platform from the so called citizen journalists rather than the official news media. Citizen journalism has provided the chance for the mass to receive firsthand information from those at the scene of events rather than getting them from the news anchors who are secondary respondents to the event scenes. Take for instance a case of a fire in a major building in your town, if a neighbor is on twitter or Facebook, he or she can take pictures of the burning building and warn friends living in the area. Such news will spread like wildfire as a response team swing action (Allan 2009, p.34). All in all, when compared to a news anchor who will arrive hours later at the crime scene, indicates that the citizen journalist was the first respondent and the most useful in this case. The disadvantage of citizen journalist is that they may sometimes spread lies that can lead to defamation of others. Take for instance a citizen journalist spreading news that Jay Z is dead through the social media (Croft 2014). Such information would cause a lot of stir and even make major news companies to look up for the truth behind the news. Therefore, people have to be careful on the kind of news which they can believe and those which they believe. It is estimated that 50% of the news produced by citizen journalist are false; therefore care has to be taken before trusting the news source (William 2008, p.67). Citizen journalists are

Managing Change and Creativity in Organizations Essay

Managing Change and Creativity in Organizations - Essay Example In this context of the study, the organization chosen to illustrate the importance of ingenuity in an organization is Apple Inc. Prior getting into deep, a brief overview of the company will be presented. Apple Inc: A Brief Overview Apple Inc. is an American company which manufactures and sells consumer electronic goods. The company is presently headquartered at California, USA (Yahoo Finance, n.d.). The company was founded by Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne and Steve Wozniak in the year 1970. The company has wide range of products such as desktop computers, laptops, mobiles and different application software. Together with the subsidiaries the company also manufactures and sells various portable applications. Some of the bestsellers of the company are mobile communication devices portable music players, and several other gadgets. In addition, iPod, iPad and iPhone are also creations of Apple. The company also has a sturdy presence in the software field. The software segment includes operat ing systems such as Mac OS and other utility and productivity applications like Quick time player, I-work and logic studio among others (Apple Store, n.d.). The company has a global presence and operates with more than 370 stores. It has a workforce of 20,000 people. Apple mainly distributes its product through whole sellers, retailers and Apple owned exclusive stores. Some of the major competitors of the company are Hewlett Packard, Dell, Google and Research in Motion Limited (NASDAQ, 2012). On the other hand, companies such as Lenovo, Compaq, Toshiba and Hitachi are also considered as the circumlocutory competitors of the company. Change Management Change management can be attributed as one of the key responsibilities for each employee, executives and managers of an organization. The leadership, execution and managing organizational change is therefore considered as one of the central factors for an organization’s success. Change is an obvious factor in every aspect of pers onal life, society and organization. However changes are constant in an organization, but most of the changes are gradual and unplanned (Burke, 2010, p.1). Moreover, society always looks for some changes and therefore queries such as when, how and by what ways changes will occur are prevalent (Lewis, 2011, Introduction). Now in the organizational perspective change serves as the method by which important amendments are addressed. Changes at Apple Apple also goes through organizational changes. The changes comes in the form of strategy change or changes in the management. Sometime rules and regulation of the organization also changes. For example in the recent past Apple has gone through a series of changes in the form of policy modification, philosophical changes, organization’s rule of law, and also changes in the governance. The major change in Apple has taken place recently when John Browett, the senior vice president of the retail division and Scott Forstall, the senior v ice president of iOS software left the organization. On the other hand Jony Ive will take the charge of leading the human

Organisations and Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Organisations and Behaviour - Essay Example First, there will be a need to have a meeting with all employees and inform them that they will be taking instructions from their departmental managers. Given that this is a deviation from the norm, employees may take time to adjust to the rules. As such, she should inform the departmental managers to arrange for a meeting with their departmental employees and chat a way forward together. When people have gotten used to following given rules and procedure, waking up one day and changing such rules and procedures could cause negative ripple effects. For the plans to work, sitting down together and identifying that there is a problem would be the first step to get employees to be more open minded to the formulation of new procedures. Involving employees in the formulation of the new policies serves to make sure that their opinions about the new rule and procedure are taken into account. This way, employees will feel that the new procedures have not been imposed on them but a product of their collective decision making and consensus. The managers should also give their departmental employees opportunity to express their opinions about regulations that they perceive as controversial. After that they should take time to explain to them why there is a need to have such regulations. Even so, decentralization for the rules should also leave room for employees to seek the indulgence of a higher office if they feel that they issues are not being addressed either fairly or elaborately at the departmental level. This way, making a transition from the old culture and restructuring the organization will be easy. It is vital to note that attempting to make the above changes without involving the employees may impact negatively on the organization (Kaiser, 2008, p. 104). Department managers will come up with various rules and procedures. As it emerged during the time that Jill Thompson took an evaluative walk around the company, there were several issues that need to be solved . First, the fact that repairing time has been left flexible to run between 8:00am and 10:00, production supervisors’ work has been made seemingly hard. It is hard for them to work with employees who may get to work at 10:00 and choose to leave for lunch at 11:00. This is because there is no ample time for doing anything productively significant. Probably the consequences of the old regulations were that production supervisors ended up doing so much work. This is because they have to be at work by 8:00pm for those employees who report at that time and stay as late as 7:00pm to be with those who reported to work at 10:00am. It is also possible that on some days they have had to take up the work they are mean to be supervising when employees who report at 10:00am chose to go for lunch at 11:00. As such, department managers may chat a way forward and come up with rules that ensure there is uniformity in time management. This way, flow of traffic in and out of the company will be tamed, giving production supervisors ample time to finish processes initiated and improving production and performance. Evaluation procedures are also likely to change depending on specialty. For instance, the research and development people may have a revised schedule for their evaluation as opposed to the unpopular monthly evaluation. Evaluation for other departments will depend on the nature of their specialization. When such rules have been adjusted, the departments that will be more formalized will be research and development department and production department. This is because the most notable problems emanated from the two departments. Such restructuring will help improve performance and morale of the workers. Reasonable evaluation period with also motivate employees

Kim Bassingers Final Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kim Bassingers Final Analysis - Case Study Example It must be noted here that the operative word on the $3 million revenue is ‘potential’; hence the amount is the estimated revenue from making the film with Kim Bassinger thus it is relevant to the case. It is relevant because it is an estimate given that Ms. Bassinger had â€Å"committed to do the project† (Barton, Shenkir & Marinas 163). Considering that the $800,000 foreign pre-sales are only probable, which means in accounting term has a less than 50 per cent probability of happening, hence in determining whether the maximum and minimum lost profit estimates of Main Line be adjusted this amount is irrelevant. The appearance of Ms. Bassinger in the film will not make the possibility of having $800,000 in foreign pre-sales more than probable. The realized loss of $2.1 million from producing â€Å"Boxing Helena† without Ms. Bassinger is a relevant cost to the case. This amount is the difference between making the movie with Ms. Fern and with Ms. Bassinger. Hence, it should be included in the maximum and minimum lost profit estimates of Main Line. The given figures for this lost profit estimates should not be adjusted since they have taken into account the $2.1 million loss. Requirement #2a Kim Bassinger's Final Analysis salary of $3 million is relevant to the determination of lost profits to Main Line. Although "Basinger was to be paid $600,000 in guaranteed compensation to appear in "Boxing Helena" with another $400,000 to be paid out of producer revenues "before the bank" was paid on the production loan to finance the film" (Barton, Shenkir & Marinas 164); it is highly probable that her agent would have negotiated a higher salary for the film. Requirement #2b The comparison of revenues for Bassinger films with revenues for Fenn films is relevant to the determination of lost profits to Main Line. The comparison is like that of the incremental revenue comparison done in a make or buy decision. Option 1 here or we can say the make decision is the film starring Ms. Bassinger, while Option 2 or if you like the buy decision is hiring Ms. Fenn to do it instead. Requirement #3 In my opinion, Main Line's expert witness is not correct in attempting to estimate the revenues for "Boxing Helena" beyond pre-sales amounts. In an investment decision, the revenues through out the life of that investment should always be included in determining whether that investment is profitable. In this case, the revenues beyond the pre-sales amounts can be reasonably estimated. Requirement #4 Yes, Main Line's lost profits should be adjusted downward to include an estimate of domestic revenues for the "Without Basinger" film. Hence, only the incremental revenue had Ms. Bassinger appeared in the film should be included in the lost profit estimates. However, the use of the $1.7 million advance made by one of the Main Line partners against domestic revenues as the estimate is not a valid estimate for the domestic revenues for the "Withour Bassinger" film. A good estimate would be the average revenue of Fenn films which is $1.6 million. Requirement #5 It is not reasonable to assume that Main Line's pretax cash position would have increased by $3 million. Part of this amount would be paid to others such as the partner who advances $1.7 million. Moreover, it can be that several of the expenses incurred by the film production have been taken up as liabilities; hence the initial take up from the film will be used to pay up some of these liabilities. Requirement #6 I disagree with the jury's lost profit assessment of $7,421,694. My own assessment based on what is relevant and irrelevant cost figures to the case is $3,000,000 which is the average of the minimum and maximum lost profit figures as presented in

International Media Communication Research Paper

International Media Communication - Research Paper Example With the free flow of information in the international arena, where the participants in the other countries now possess better accessibility to the facts and issues faced by the neighboring countries, the international media communication channels such as the news media are often criticized of being influenced by the socio-cultural and political biases or else raising the risk of ‘false consciousness’ and even ‘racial stereotyping’ (Barnhurst, 2005; Media Monitoring Project, 1999). Based on these aspects, the discussion henceforth will intend to illustrate and critically review two news stories presented from distinct ideologies by two international media channels, the Fox News of the United States and The Guardian of the United Kingdom. The stories have been selected based on the same issue, the recent support of President Mr. Barack Obama of same-sex marriages in the United States. Background of the Story: President Obama’s Support of Same-Sex Marri age Same-sex marriages have long been under critical scrutiny by social and political institutions in the United States. Even though six states of the geopolitical region of the United States, including Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and New York, have legally permitted the performance of same-sex marriages, the federal law yet restricts the act to be accredited openly in the American society. Apparently, the depiction of agreeability or vice-versa of the legal approval for same-sex marriages has emerged to be a base for distinction between social groups. In the social context of America, the polarization based on same-sex marriage accreditations has been apparent since the implementation of the policy measure â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† by the former President Mr. Bill Clinton in the year 1992. This policy measure placed emphasis on restricting the open depiction of homosexual behavior, especially within the military base (Singer, 2008). This polar ization in the American society has become more perceptible with the statement in favor of homosexual marriages made by the President Obama to the ABC News. In his words, â€Å"...I’ve just concluded that for me personally it is important for me to go ahead and affirm that I think same-sex couples should be able to get married† (Klein, 2012). This particular appraisal by the current President of the United States attracted a mass attention not only in the national context but also from the international horizon, making an obvious presence in the international media channels. Recently, after being aired in the news media, the support of Mr. Barack Obama came reverberating in the Fox News as well as in The Guardian, the former being a renowned tabloid in the United States and the latter in the United Kingdom. However, in both the narratives a distinct ideology can be examined in the course of illustrating the statements connoted by the American President. Where the narra tion or the story portrayed by the Fox News can be identified as highly

You will be analyzing the hyrdrodynamics of different swimming strokes Lab Report

You will be analyzing the hyrdrodynamics of different swimming strokes - Lab Report Example The major purpose of this lab report was to analyze the hydrodynamics of different swimming strokes through considering several factors such as swim time, stroke frequency, stroke length and perceived effort, in the comparison process. From the results, scenario B assumes a shorter swim time and higher stroke frequency than in the case of scenario A. Further, the perceived effort used in B was less than that used in A. The reasons for the observed phenomena, depends on such factors like gravitational pull, friction force and outside pressure. When a swimmer is partially submerged, as shown in A, there is increase in atmospheric pressure and gravitational pull acting thereby resulting in reduced speed. Further, while partially submerged, some parts of the body remain exposed to the air thereby triggering action of friction force between swimmer’s body and air. At the same time, scenario A allows the subject to breath, which in turn reduces the stroke frequency because more time is spent in breathing. The situation is different to scenario B, where swimmer’s body is fully submerged in water leading to reduction in friction force, gravitational pull and atmospheric pressure acting. This triggers shorter swim time, higher stroke frequency and less perceived effort (Stager & Tanner, 2005). The results also manifest differences between scenario C and D, where dolphin kick was used for both with difference being one is submerged while the other is not. C, where full submergence was assumed, both swim time and perceived effort was less than D (not submerged. This can be attributed to the fact that dolphin kick becomes more effective when there is reduced friction and gravitational force through ensuring full submergence (Maglischo, 2003). The reduced forces leads to less perceived efforts and swim time as observed in scenario C. For situation D, more force is allowed to act on the swimmer in addition to efforts spent on breathing

Field Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Field Research - Essay Example First, the resin is melted ( bead-like ) and Repro. The Stards are used to melt the Repro. Then, they are blown up into cylinders until they bubble up to the top of the machine. Once they are on the top, they are flattened using various rollers. After which, when everything has been flattened, these are rolled around a roll of cardboard on a metal rod. Finally, the bar is taken off a plug is placed on one end. The plastic would be now wrapped and multiple rolls would be placed standing right up on a skid. Again, they would be wrapped in plastic and properly labeled, then placed in a box. They would then be sent to the warehouse for shipping and classified as finished goods. It is also important to note that the colors are melted one at a time during the beginning of the process. This goes on daily because operations is 24/7. Over-all, there are 32 machines that produce the rolls. The maintenance for the machinery is done annually where the machines are cleaned thoroughly. The machine s are really big so cleaning them for a day would not suffice. The cleaning of these machines are scheduled on holidays so operations would not be affected. Demand for BEMIS products are high so the company cannot afford to lose productive time. I also observed that one roll can be easily made in as short as half an hour or more. Bigger rolls, however, need more time and can take as much as four to five hours. On the average, the machines produce 40† rolls in 40 hours. In a daily basis, the rolls produced equals to 540-550 pounds. To be able to achieve this high level of productivity, BEMIS operates for 24 hours. There are 100 employees distributed to work on four different shifts. Indeed, one can’t help admiring the whole process of production as everything is synchronized to meet the buyer’s demands or specifications. Come to think of it, the products of BEMIS are very many so efficiency is very important. BEMIS can meet all these challenges because it continue s to innovate itself and prioritize product research. The second part of this paper deals with the logistics of the products. Due to the high-volume of products produced in a daily basis, the logistics section is very busy. There are also times when companies would require extra orders during peak seasons which makes logistics very challenging. The pallets are often termed units for shipping purposes. A single pallet weighs 800 to 1,000 pounds. On a very busy day, there are one million pounds shipped to different buyers. A truck can carry as much as 40,000 pounds worth of pallets. Friday is considered the busiest day of the week so 18 trucks (scheduled and unscheduled ) are available for use on this day. It if it’s just an average day, only 600,00-700,000 pounds are shipped by BEMIS to its buyers. Normally, it takes 30-40 minutes to load the products on a truck. Safety measures are put in place to avoid any accidents. These are the procedures in loading a truck: 1. Get releas e. It is important for processors to know the pertinent details of the shipment. They must declare truthfully the type of products loaded on the truck which would be declared as soon as the buyers receive them. Details such as time of shipping, weight, quantity and other special instructions are contained in the documents like the Bill of Lading. 2. The next step involves pulling or staging pallets to the shipping area. The men driving the forklift and

Report on Robi Introduction Essay Example for Free

Report on Robi Introduction Essay Robi, formerly known as Telekom Malaysia International (Bangladesh), commenced its operation in 1997 under the brand name Robi among the pioneer GSM mobile telecommunications service providers in Bangladesh. Later, on 28th March, 2010 the company started its new journey with the brand name Robi. About our Shareholders: Robi is a Joint Venture company between Axiata Group Berhad (70%) and NTT DOCOMO INC. (30%) Axiata Group Axiata is one of the largest Asian telecommunication companies focused on high growth low penetration emerging markets. The Group, including its subsidiaries and associates, has over 130 million mobile subscribers in Asia and serves the needs of Asia by providing affordable and innovative mobile services covering over 1. 5 billion people across 10 countries. The Group provides employment to over 25,000 people across Asia. NTT Docomo NTT DOCOMO is Japans premier provider of leading-edge mobile voice, data and multimedia services. With more than 56 million customers in Japan, the company is one of the worlds largest mobile communications operators. Building on a solid foundation of research and development, and guided by its customer-first philosophy, the company leverages the power of mobile communications to enable customers to enrich Page 1 of 5 Miscellaneous Policy Robi Axiata Limited HR Policy Manual Proposed By : Chief Human Resources Officer Approved By: Management Council Effective : 01 July 2011 Version : 01 Document ID: RAx/HR/001/11 their lives. DOCOMO is expanding its global reach through offices and subsidiaries in Asia, Europe and North America, as well as strategic alliances with mobile and multimedia service providers in markets worldwide. Our Purpose WE EMPOWER YOU: We are there for you, where you want and in the way you want, in order to help you develop, grow and make the most of your lives through our services. Our Guiding Principles and Code of Conduct Maintaining the highest ethical standards and integrity in our operations is a crucial factor at Robi. Therefore we have introduced our Guiding Principles that we expect our employees to embed in their minds and uphold in discharging their responsibilities. Our Code of Business Ethics safeguards our ethical standards by clearly defining our way of working. With such systems in place we ensure that we do business with a conscience and safeguard our employees from exploitation. We expect our employees to exemplify the guiding principles in their work and regulate their actions by the stipulations in the Code of Conduct. Robi employees hold themselves accountable to a set of Guiding Principles for the organization. Our Guiding Principles are at the core spot of our action†¦ action that will empower us to achieve excellence! No matter what we do, in order to realize our purpose, we hold ourselves accountable to the following overarching guiding Principles for our rganization: Page 2 of 5 Miscellaneous Policy Robi Axiata Limited HR Policy Manual Proposed By : Chief Human Resources Officer Approved By: Management Council Effective : 01 July 2011 Version : 01 Document ID: RAx/HR/001/11 We will be Creative in our way of work We will be Open to ideas and change, We will be Respectful and earn respect We will be Ethical in our endeavors We will take a Simple approach in the way we work With Passion we will perform We will take Ownership of our actions Being Transparent will be our stance Our Code of Conduct sets out the fundamental standards to be followed by us in our everyday actions on behalf of the Company. We must abide the following code of conduct: †¢ Conduct the Company’s business with honesty and integrity and in a professional manner. Build relationships with customers, vendors and fellow employees based on trust and treat every individual with respect and dignity. Become familiar with and comply with the Company policies and procedures. Avoid any activities that could involve or lead to involvement in any unlawful practice or any harm to the Company’s reputation or image. Avoid actual or potential conflicts of interests in all transactions. Provide accurate and reliable information in records submitted; safeguard the Company’s confidential information. Promptly report to the Company any violations of law or Company policies that come to the employee’s attention, and cooperate fully in any audit, enquiry, review or investigation by the Company. . †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Page 3 of 5 Miscellaneous Policy Robi Axiata Limited HR Policy Manual Proposed By : Chief Human Resources Officer Approved By: Management Council Effective : 01 July 2011 Version : 01 Document ID: RAx/HR/001/11 All employees must uphold these standards in the conduct of company business. If a decision is not covered by the Code, seek guidance from the Divisional Heads or Human Resources. Our approach to People The purpose of Robi is â€Å"empowering you† – our customers, our stakeholder, and our employees. It is HR’s vision to handhold the company, be its strategic partner, adding value in each step taken towards making Robi the employer of choice. We engage our employees and inspire them to achieve excellence. To ensure excellence, we devise people policies that are relevant and rigorous. Our policies assure that decisions will be consistent with and contributive to Company objectives. The Policy manual is an important guide for management in decision-making that affects employees terms of employment, working conditions and development prospects. The Manual truly belongs to the company as well as to the employee. Characteristics of this Manual The Manual has the following essential characteristics: †¢ Robi people olicies are consistent with the Company’s other policies such as finance policy, business policy. The policies are reflected with the countrys existing law to ensure fairness. †¢ †¢ †¢ Policies are fair, flexible and realistic. Policies and procedures will be reviewed when there are major changes. People policies are applicable for all permanent employees of the Company. The policies are clearly stated so that employees can clearly understand them. Also HR will make necessary policy interpretations to the employees. Page 4 of 5 Miscellaneous Policy Robi Axiata Limited HR Policy Manual Proposed By : Chief Human Resources Officer Approved By: Management Council Effective : 01 July 2011 Version : 01 Document ID: RAx/HR/001/11 Policy Amendment process HR existing policies may be reviewed and will be revised in the policy manual. The Head of HR will review existing people policies and procedures and recommend for necessary changes in it. Also HR will assess and examine the need for introducing any new policy issues and bring those to the notice of the Management Council. The ultimate decision and approval rest on the management authority. Once the management council approves any new policy or amendments to existing policy, it will become the part of the Robi People policies Procedures Manual. Notwithstanding anything contained in this manual, the Management Council has the discretionary power to make exceptions to any of the policy of this manual. It is very important that all concerned understand and comply with the people policies at the work place. Non-compliance of Company policy is clearly violation of policy and merits disciplinary actions. Page 5 of 5 Miscellaneous Policy

Differences of Creativity in Education Levels

Differences of Creativity in Education Levels People, who have received a formal education and those who did not, are equally creative. Paola Vasquez Yachay Tech University Abstract This project was made to prove that people who have received a formal education, as those who did not, have equally creativity. First by showing what does creativity and imagination means, and how things that are surrounding influence it. Then, proving that creativity is innate and it is for everybody no matter ages or education people have. Therefore showing that it can be developed no matter the education people have had, and how it can be developed with some examples. For last, explaining how poor people without education are as able as educated people to create and innovate using their imagination and creativity. Citing some articles, and videos, where there are some facts that help develop the topic, can prove it. It ends in the conclusion that all people have the equal opportunity to be creative, and it all depends in their desire to being it. Introduction Every child is an artist, the problem is staying an artist when you grow up (Pablo Picasso). One representative characteristic for why artists are known is their capacity of being creative, because without creativity they could never innovate or make new jobs. Children are artists as well, because nobody teaches them how to, but they have a lot of imagination. To begin, everybody should have a perception of what imagination means, and as an author said We could defend our interest in imagination by pointing out the real-life value of role playing in the young child, of vocational decision-making by way of fantasizing in the adolescent, and of working through hostility by imaginary exploits and confrontations in the adult (Lieberman, J. N. 2014 p. 1). So as she said everybody has imagination that is used for different purposes depending on the stage people are through. Now, there should be the relationship between imagination and creativity, so what does creativity means? As the same author said in the book Playfulness: Its relationship to imagination and creativity creativity is to discover new things for us, and to make things that we have never done before, and also our own way to see the world. Imagination and creativity are both developed in all people no matter ages, and they are also the most representative characteristic to be able to innovate, create, and to be original. It has been said always that children are the most creative people, but as a proof we can see that adults or also teens are those who have discovered or created the advances for the world. Therefore we can affirm not only children are benefited of creativity, but also not only people who have had a formal education. People that have been in high school, college or university are not the only who can be creative but those who have never receive that kind of education are too. Like for religion, in this case it does not matter the social classes, the races or any superficial aspect, becau se everybody can achieve what they desire. People, who received a formal education and those who did not, are equally creative, because creativity is innate and it must be cultivated, the necessity of solving problems develops creativity, and no matter the education level, there are different ways to develop creativity. Creativity is innate Innate The article Scientists are more creative than you imagine, (Ossola. A. 2014) states that creativity is innate. Therefore, it proves that creativity comes in everybodys mind; because based on Cambridge Dictionary; innate means, an ability that people were born with, and not something they have learned. Learning is something people can do everywhere, not exactly a school, or with an education system. There are a lot of people that learns all they know in streets or like it is said the school of life. Anyway creativity is not something learned, so people do not need to have a formal education, or to have learned something about life. It also does not depend on the social groups, cultures, religion, or any kind of those characteristics; any of them are irrelevant to creativity, because people are already born with the ability or capacity to be creative. Imagination and creativity. So what does it mean to be creative? If it is about an international meaning, again Cambridge Dictionary defines it as the ability to produce original and unusual ideas, or to make something new or imaginative. That last point brings us to the other topic: imagination, a word that brings to our minds the face of a child. As creativity, everybody has it. Imagination and creativity are crucial to make and create new advances and technologies, and they are adults the people who innovate, so it cannot be stated that children are the most creative beings, because adults are too. It is also said that children have more imagination or creativity than adults and it is because they have lived less, because if creativity is innate they were born with it, so nothing has changed their minds yet. Instead adults have passed through many situations and maybe problems where creativity did not result as the best solution, so people begin to use other tools instead of their imagination. As everything in our society, if people do not use it, they lose it. As people grow up, they use less their imagination every time, so they begin to lose it: but when they really need it to create or innovate, it results difficult to them find their creativity. As a toy from their childhood, adults have to start looking in every corner of their minds until they find it, because it is still in their heads. Therefore, it all depends on the use people give to their imagination. Children enjoy imagining, but some adults prefer facts or information verified, and that need to have proves. However, children, adults, or everybody has creativity in their minds, because it is innate. Creativity has to be cultivated. Everything influences in creativity. The article of Alessandra Ossola stated that creativity is innate, but the second part of her statement is that it needs to be cultivated (para.10). And what does cultivating creativity mean? Cultivate means to grow up something, and in this case it refers to creativity, so to cultivate creativity means to improve and develop creativity. Because nothing worth to have creativity, and do not use or do no try to improve it. Since people are born, everything they hear, feel, or see, influences in their lives, as it does in creativity. Every single moment is important for creativity, because it captures every stimulus that happens around us. It captures it and it uses the information. It is like the immunological system, everything it happens to us, the system learns from it, so the next time it is difficult to a virus to hurt the body because the system already knows how to attack the it. Creativity also learns how to act in similar situations that have happened before. Therefore every problem people have, happiness, feeling, stress, anxiety, fear, or concern; it all influences in creativity. Also people that surround us influence, for example family, friends, neighbors, and of course teachers, because teachers pass a lot of time with children, while they are experiencing new things, and beginning to live. That means education does influences in creativity, not just for children, but also for everybody, because adults have also passed through school. It does not mean people who have not had a formal education do not have creativity, because the lack of education is also an influence, and education does not always influence in a good way. Nowadays many schools in Latin America and in the U.S. and around the world continue to use antiquated models for education that do not serve 21st century students (Segal. S. 2016). If people do not innovate or try new things, creativity does not flow, so if children receive an antiquated education they will not be able to develop their creativity. Education is a good way to teach children mathematics, languages, and many other subjects, but it is not always the best influence in creativity. Education kills creativity. Finland is a country in Europe, which is well known for its education system. The video The Finland Phenomenon tells about its famous education system; how is seemed as the best in the world, even better than The United States, and how children are. Finland is in the top of the list of countries that have been tested by PISA exams, which are the most difficult in the world. Children in Finland have more vacation, less homework, and schools have the best technology. Students are not forced to stay quite and sit, also they do not need someone to tell them to study, because they enjoy doing it, and they know they have to (Compton. R. 2011). The film also shows how some students have created mini businesses, how in their free time they practice playing an instrument, and that kind of facts are those that make a difference or an influence in their creativity, because they enjoy learning and studying, so it actually is a good influence to children and students to be creative. Education in Finland relies very little on testing (Compton. R. 2011), which proves that it lets imagination develops, because based on an article schools place greater emphasis on learning material and taking tests; so opportunities for thoughts to flow freely are fewer now than in the past (Ossola. A. 2014). Finland education system does not emphasis on students memorizing everything, instead they want them to think for themselves and have their own thoughts. It has a great influence in creativity, but it does not mean education will definitely make students be creative. Finland has an amazing education system, but all around the world other education systems just kill creativity. It is stated in the article Do Schools Kill Creativity? that people focus on teaching children mathematics because they are known as the most difficult subjects, and they do not care too much about subjects like art which are the ones that helps to develop creativity. Teachers care just about brains and memorization. It is like they just care about their heads (Robinson. K. para. 2). It proves that people that receive a formal education are not more creative than those who did not, because even education can be the one influence that destroys their imagination to make people like machines, to do not think out of what they have learned. Everyone can develop creativity. For now, we assume that creativity is an ability, is innate, is like being imaginative, and it has to be cultivated. As it was mentioned, cultivating creativity is improving it, and making it grow; but how can people cultivate creativity? An experiment described in Scientists are more creative than you imagine states that when rap artists improvise for songs, their mind do not cares about errors, because their ideas just flow (Ossola. A. 2014), and letting their ideas flow; make them develop more imagination every time. Also it tells about the ability to imagine; it can be done when people center their attention in doing things that do not need a lot of effort: as examples are brushing the teeth, the hair, or cooking, also some actions that make people relax like taking a shower or a bath, going to walk, meditating, exercising, reading, or just staying at bed. The purpose is to stop thinking consciously and let the ideas, imagination and creativity flow (para. 16). For doing these th ings is not necessary to have a formal education, it is just needed the desire to be creative; as it is said by an author Think left and think right and think low and think high. Oh, the thinks you can think up if only you try (Dr. Seuss). Summing up, there are no exceptions to people to be creative or to cultivate creativity; everybody can do it if they want. Creativity for solving problems. As creativity can be developed in different ways, a way to do it for people who do not receive a formal education is the influence of solving their daily live problems, so they have also a high level of creativity as educated people do. The lack of money People, who pass through several times, may have not been benefited by the opportunity of studying. Poverty has provoked many children and teenagers to work earlier than when they should, because they need to help their families to get money to pay for their home, to buy food and first necessity things. Even if in some countries it is banned to children to work, there are some children still working around the cities because of the necessity to have what to eat. There are also many adults that obligate their kids to work instead of them. Most children work buying and selling things. Children working earlier than normal, do not let them have a formal education, as they should, because working does not leave them the time they need to study. Furthermore, there are children that do not go to school because their families do not have enough money to give them that education. Many children and teens are left with no education so they have to continue working and learning about it. Working or having to help in some things in their houses is also another big influence in childrens lives, so it is also for their creativity. Necessities or problems to people. Poor people because of their lack of money do not just have the problem of not being able to have a formal education. They have to handle with the pressure of not having what to eat, where to live, what to wear, and specially the fact to afford their families. Those problems are which most influences in people imagination, sometimes in bad or good ways. Most part of them influences to people to try to solve them and use and develop their creativity. The article A Young Tinkerer Builds a Windmill, Electrifying a Nation tells about the story of a man of 20 years who because of the lack of energy for his electrical appliances at his house, begun to think what he could do to solve the problem. He decided to build a windmill after he saw a picture of one in a textbook. He began to design it ant then he finally built it whit bubble gum trees and parts of bicycles. He has the dream of building many other windmills around the country, and there is a group of investors that trust him and send him to school (Childress. S. 2007). The idea and the creativity came before he went to school, because there is no necessity of having a formal education to be creative or to innovate, be imaginative and create something that can change maybe not the world but someones life; because you have to be burning with an idea, or a problem, or a wrong that you want to right. If youre not passionate enough from the start, youll never stick it out (Jobs. S). Conclusion Creativity is important in everybody, because it is what helps people to innovate, create and discover new things. As all that happens around us influences creativity, it is said that schools kill creativity, and also that it improves it. The fact is that creativity cannot be taught or leaned just in one place; it depends in every single moment that we live. Education does not define peoples creativity. It is a gift given to everyone, and people is who decide if they take advantage of it or if the do not. People who have received a formal education have creativity. Those who did not received education have creativity as well. All people are creative. The level of creativity developed by each person depends in how they cultivate or improve it, by ways that everybody can do. The irrelevance of social classes, money, religions, cultures and ages to creativity, proves that everybody have creativity, because it is innate, it can be cultivated by any person, and many other facts than educa tion are which influence in creativity.

Energy Policy of Russia

Energy Policy of Russia Introduction Russia is a naturally powerless nation, encompassed by other extraordinary powers and having no effectively faultless fringes. Furthermore, Russia is a huge, cold domain populated by assorted ethnic gatherings that generally have been at chances with Moscows brought together power. This leaves Russia with a reasonable arrangement of objectives to hold together as a nation and secure itself as a provincial force. To start with, Russia must solidify its general public under one power. Second, it must extend its energy over its quick neighborhood to make cradles against different forces. The formation of the Soviet Union is the clearest case of this basic in real life. Finally, it must influence its characteristic assets to accomplish an offset with the immense powers past its fringe (wikipedia, 2015). The Russian Energy approach is contained in an Energy staggering strategy archive, which sets out strategy for the period until 2020. In 2000, the Russian government endorsed the primary procurements of the Russian energy procedure to 2020, and in 2003, the new Russian energy system was affirmed by the legislature. The Energy Strategy record traces a few primary needs: an increment in energy productivity, diminishing effect on nature, feasible improvement, energy advancement and mechanical advancement, and in addition enhanced viability and aggressiveness. The economy of the Soviet Union was in view of an arrangement of state responsibility for method for creation, aggregate cultivating, modern assembling and brought together authoritative arranging. The economy was described by state control of venture, and open responsibility for resources. (Rousseau, 2013). Historical Perspectives Political background: The Putin regime is very much aware of the difficulties confronting the Russian energy division. Russias endeavors in the previous decade to move far from reliance on energy trades by concentrating on mechanical improvement have not been especially effective and keep the nation fixing to the destiny of its energy part. Russias technique of utilizing its energy trades as both an outside strategy apparatus and an income generator is conflicting now and again: To utilize energy in remote approach, Moscow must have the capacity to lower or raise costs and debilitate to cut off supplies, which is an abomination to the income producing perspective. The Kremlin has started creating an arrangement of strategies intended to modify the nation to the progressions that will come in the following two decade (James Henderson, 2014). Economical Background: The Soviet financial framework was set up for in the range of six decades, and components of that framework stayed set up after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991. The pioneers applying the most considerable impact on that framework were its organizer, Lenin, and his successor Stalin, who secured the predominant examples of collectivization and industrialization that, has to be normal of the Soviet Unions halfway-arranged framework. In the year of 1980, on the other hand, inborn imperfections have to be clear as the national economy moped; without further ado from that point, change projects started to modify the conventional structure. One of the boss reformers of the late 1980s, Yeltsin, directed the considerable disintegration of the focal arranging framework in the mid-1990s (Jong, 2012). While in the 1980s Russia had experienced supply deficiencies, all through the 1990s as transported in merchandise overflowed into the nation, Russians could no more manage the cost of most products. Stores that had already stood void were currently supplied with a wide range of products that nobody could stand to purchase (Phyllis, 2014). Energy Background: Russia is a naturally powerless nation, encompassed by other awesome powers and having no effortlessly faultless outskirts. Moreover, Russia is a monstrous, generally ungracious region populated by differing ethnic gatherings that truly have been at chances with Moscows brought together power. This leaves Russia with an unmistakable arrangement of objectives to hold together as a nation and make itself as a provincial force. To start with, Russia must unite its general public under one power. Second, it must extend its energy over its quick neighborhood to make cushions against different forces. The production of the Soviet Union is the clearest illustration of this basic in real life. Finally, it must influence its common assets to accomplish a parity with the considerable powers past its outskirts. Russia has utilized a mixture of instruments all through history to attain to these objectives, going from farming fares to immaculate military success and intimidatio n. By the 1950s, Russias energy segment had turned into one of the significant mainstays of its financial and political quality (Rousseau, 2013). Markets: What Energy Sources have been most important; how have energy market dynamics affected Russia? Russia has always been focused on the European markets. Since then, they have been too determined about the fact they are controlling the European markets. Various new undertakings are being developed, however these new ventures might just balance declining yield from maturing fields and not bring about critical yield development in the close term. The utilization of more propelled innovations and the use of enhanced recuperation systems are bringing about expanded oil yield from existing oil stores (St. Rosemary Educational Institution, 2015). The potential oil stores of Eastern Siberia, the Russian Arctic, the northern Caspian Sea, and Sakhalin Island are pulling in consideration. Various worldwide oil organizations have secured real estate and are putting intensely in investigation and advancement on hydrocarbon-rich Sakhalin Island, despite the fact that the Russian government is pushing for a more prominent part for household organizations in these ventures. Gazprom procured control of the Sakhalin task from Shell, and it is looking for control of the displaying of gas supplies from the Sakhalin I anticipate drove by Exxon Neft Ltd, an auxiliary of Exxon. Russian organizations are likewise venturing into the Arctic and Eastern Siberian areas, impelled on by assessment occasions and lower oil fare levies. While a few new fields have gone ahead line subsequent until 2009, bringing extra fields into generation will require some investment and may oblige a transformed oil charge administration from the legislature (eia.gov , 2013). International Oil (Energy) Companies and National Oil (Energy) Companies; What International Companies Have Played a Major Role; Does Russia Have National Energy Companies? Of course, Russian owns the Gazprom Company and it is one of the biggest petroleum and energy providers in the Russian market and the neighboring area of Europe and eastern Russia. Gazprom is a worldwide energy organization. Its real business lines are geographical investigation, creation, transportation, stockpiling, preparing and offers of gas, gas condensate and oil, offers of gas as a vehicle fuel and also era and promoting of warmth and electric force. Gazprom perspectives its main goal in dependable, proficient and adjusted supply of common gas, other energy assets and their subsidiaries to buyers. Gazprom holds the worlds biggest regular gas saves. The Companys offer in the worldwide and Russian gas stores makes up 18 and 72 every penny separately. Gazprom represents 14 and 74 every penny of the worldwide and Russian gas yield in like manner (gazprom, 2015). At present, the Company effectively executes expansive scale ventures went for misusing gas assets of the Yamal Peninsul a, Arctic Shelf, Eastern Siberia and the Far East, and in addition, hydrocarbons investigation and generation extends abroad (gazprom, 2015). There is also Rosneft followed by Surgutneftegaz as well as Tatneft and Lukoil. These firms are state-owned monopoly transneft and the oil products pipelines are owned and operated by the subsidiary Transnefteproduct. Russia offers an intriguing sample of the differentiation between the attractions of an unlimited hydrocarbon asset base to significant oil and gas organizations and the issues that can be experienced in attempting to put resources into it. Global Partnership in Russia gives a novel knowledge into the joint endeavors, which have been framed in the middle of residential and worldwide accomplices in Russia amid the post-Soviet time (ucsf.edu, 2015). Energy Mix: What Are the Major Sources of Energy That Russia Uses; Has the Mix Changed Over Time? Russia is the second biggest maker of dry regular gas and third-biggest fluid fills maker on the planet. Regardless of its critical stores of coal, it delivers just humble measure of coal. Russias economy is very subject to its hydrocarbons, and oil and gas incomes represent more than 50% of the government spending plan incomes. Russia is a real maker and exporter of oil and characteristic gas, and its economy generally relies on upon energy trades. Russias monetary development keeps on being driven by energy fares, issued its high oil and gas creation and the lifted costs for those products. Oil and gas incomes represented 52% of government spending plan incomes and more than 70% of aggregate fares in 2012. Russia is the third-biggest generator of atomic power on the planet and fourth-biggest regarding introduced limit. With ten atomic reactors presently under development, Russia is the second nation on the planet regarding number of reactors under development in 2012, as per the IA EA (James Henderson, 2014). Energy Security: What Are the Energy Security Challenges Russia Faces; Have These Changed Over Time? It is all related to the relations between Russia and the European Union since Russia suffers economic sanctions. Correspondence in energy business access is a subject, which during the time has highlighted reliably at the highest point of the EU Russia plan. After some time, the issue has come to mean distinctive things on either side of the association in any case. For the EU, correspondence relates to openness of the inner energy advertise in return for access to remote markets. So also, correspondence considers the insurance of the inner business against those states that have not changed their energy segments in equivalent measure. Russia in any case, sees correspondence in connection to the status of the long haul supply administration that exists in universal gas exchange. It bargains more with quantitativeexchanges,suchasvolumes by-volumes, orassetswaps.Atthesame time, venture correspondence comes from any political accord between the on-screen characters included. Fundamenta lly, the matter is best represented through, from one viewpoint, the tenets on third nation administrators inside the EU internalenergymarketwithinthe’third legislativeMarketPackage’, and the change of existing and reception of new Russian enactment on the support of outside organizations inside its energy area. In 2007, the European Commission tabled a bundle of proposition to change the inward energy market. The bundle included solid tenets on the partition of systems from exercises of creation and supply and a correspondence provision (Aron, 2013). Energy Economic Development: What Role Have Which Energy Sources Played in the Russian’s Economy? The quick test to common gas rents, then again, is a sharp loss of benefit in view of the opposition from option methods of generation made conceivable by new advances. The last incorporates even penetrating to tap shallow yet expansive stores and water powered breaking when sand, chemicals, and water, gel, or condensed gasses are infused under incredible weight into shale rock developments to concentrate gas and oil. Therefore, throughout the most recent decade US gas imports have contracted by 45 percent. Much more than Russian oil, regular gas rents are liable to psychologist altogether in the impending years. Notwithstanding Gazproms infamous defilement and international transparency positioned it among the minimum straightforward organizations on the planet (eia.gov, 2013). Putins dedication to oil and gas as the backbone of Russias advancement originates from a profound and withstanding feeling about its significance to the countrys economy. Much sooner than he came to power, he had accepted that the rebuilding of the national Russian economy on the premise of mineral and crude material assets was a key component of financial development in the close term. One of the worlds two biggest oil makers and the main supplier of regular gas to Europe, Russia has progressively utilized its incomes from energy fares to reinforce the Putin administration. As new, less expensive energy suppliers develop and the business gets to be leaner and more aggressive, Russia needs to reduce its reliance on benefits from these assets on the off chance that it is to dodge stagnation and perhaps a monetary emergency. The administration needs to actualize profound institutional changes to make a superior speculation atmosphere and enhance the economy, yet in doing as such it da ngers undermining the tyrant vertical of force (Lanthemann, 2013). Governance: How Has Russia Dealt With Energy Issues? Fundamentally, the EU essentially unrealistic to fly a lot of characteristic gas from some other source. In light of the current numbers, and all the more particularly, it can be presumed that, regardless of the possibility that we include the Azerbaijani characteristic gas, shale gas in North America and common gas, which can be imported from the Eastern Mediterranean, we get less 50 billion cubic meters, that is, the aggregate utilization every year. As it were, the volume of gas from all these option sources will meet stand out third of the characteristic gas that we purchase in Russia, and just 10% of aggregate utilization in Europe. Second, to the offer 2035-imported gas taken together utilization of regular gas in Europe will increment from the current 66% to 84%. On the off chance that these information are broke down in light of the way that the North Sea stores are lessened, the European business is under extreme weight in a circumstance. Europe is not preceding the investig ations. Third, the interior strife in Iraq and Libya determine these nations past the energy segment (U.S. Library of Congress, 2015). Sustainability Justice: What Are the Main Sustainability Issues Facing the Russia? How Has It Sought to Deal With These Issues? Energys helpfulness as a method for accomplishing Russias three principle objectives has adjusted over the long run in light of the fact that Russia has needed to change its techniques relying upon shifts in household or global circumstances. Moscows quality lies in its adaptability in dealing with its energy segment. Past fare incomes, the energy division has added to the production of a locally steady and industrialized state. Russias household energy utilization is high because of to a great degree chilly climate for a large portion of the year, yet notwithstanding inefficiencies inside the energy part and the expense of creating energy, the nations residential stores have empowered Moscow to give its subjects and the businesses that utilize them with low energy costs (Phyllis, 2014). Conclusion Finally, the energy segment additionally adds to Russias capacity to grow its impact to its prompt neighbors. Moscows utilization of energy as influence in the support states contrasts from nation to nation and extents from controlling local energy generation. Swinging to option oil and gas trading nations may give a short to medium-term arrangement; be that as it may, Europes emphasis on lessening its reliance on Russia redirects consideration from the locales proceeded with dependence on hydrocarbons. The southern Gas Corridor may sidestep Russia and Iran, however, by all evidences Europe would remain excessively subject to hydrocarbon energy trades from a locale that remaining parts inside Russias range of authority, albeit to a lesser extent a firm hold than beforehand. As opposed to the proceeding with prioritization of energy security connected to the fare and import of oil and gas, the eventual fate of energy security for both Europe and Russia lies in the expansion of energy assets and in moving far from a reliance on fossil fills (Aron, 2013). References:

Euthanasia: The Right Way to Kill :: Free Essay Writer

In the recent years there has been a particular case that has brought the minds of Christians as well as non-believers alike to examine the importance of a person’s life. Apart from the ongoing debate regarding abortion as a criminal act or a womanly right, there has been another issue that has been dormant in this nation that some would argue causes the same weight as that of abortion. Euthanasia is defined in Webster’s dictionary as â€Å"the act or method of causing death painlessly, so as to end suffering; advocated by some as a way to deal with persons dying of incurable, painful diseases.† The only difference between this definition and that of â€Å"murder† is that euthanasia is a legal course, prompted by pre-disposed criteria. Are we at liberty or right, regardless of the circumstance, to willingly take a godly role, and advocate an ungodly act?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the problems I find in Western American Society is the notion that everything is given to us when and how we want it. We (and for arguments sake, let’s include Christians in here) have moved away from the â€Å"patiently-waiting† to the â€Å"eagerly-desperate† lifestyles more commonly known as â€Å"Fast Food.† In a world of credit cards, EZ Pass, Gasoline Quick Scans (mechanisms of the sort), French Fries, ATM’s, etc., it is easy for us to comprehend how even our spiritual views on many issues have taken the same approach that our hectic and fast-paced lives have evolved to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It should be of no surprise that if God made the importance of life and it’s preservation one of the commandments (Thou Shalt Not Kill, Exodus 20:13 KJV), than it is clear that though the situation may (to some) merit this act, God would have already handled it as well. I can more easily comprehend this possibility by the life and ministry of Jesus. Before ascending to heaven, Jesus told the disciples that they would do greater things. By looking at Jesus’ ministry, we see that he had the power and authority [given to him by God] to heal the sick and raise the dead. This being said, I’ll argue that the problem at hand is not merely the incorrect belief that euthanasia is circumstance-driven excuse to end the life of a person due to their physical condition. To me, the greater picture lies deeper within the fabric of society. It is written in the bible that without faith it is impossible to please God.

Importance of Philosophy in the Modern World :: Philosophy Religion Essays

The Importance of Philosophy in the Modern World Many of the philosophers we have been reading in class seem to me to be hopelessly dated (although some of them express useful ideas and/or make good points). Of course, it's easy to become trapped in writing only for the period a person lives in, and a philosophy is necessarily dependant on the historical situation and the extent of man's knowledge. And many of the philosophers who have existed over the course of the centuries have necessarily had to worry about governmental, church, or societal disapproval, censorship, or punishment. (Socrates, for instance, was sentenced to death by a court for the crime of explaining his ideas.) However, Victor Hugo said that if he were writing for his own time only, he would have to break his pen and throw it away (or something like that). As so it seems that, in order for a philosopher to be relevant for the future as well as the present, he must take into account all of the objections to his philosophy which can be anticipated at the present time. (Since we are not omnipotent, that's the best we can do.) And it seems to me that the most frequent objections to modern and premodern (but not postmodern) philosophers come from the incompatibility of their philosophies with what is considered to be established scientific fact. For instance, Plato's theory of forms does not, to me, seem to jibe with modern physics and cosmology. And although I can only vaguely glimpse the psychology which underlies Kant, it seems to be highly questionable. (In my view, application of Kant's epistemology and metaphysics could never produce an artificial intelligence capable of passing a Turing t est.) And so, it seems to me, the best way that a philosopher can keep from being dated (not in the romantic sense; many seem to have no problem with that) is to be aware of scientific knowledge, and integrate it into philosophy. Of course, this necessitates an independent evaluation of the merits and drawbacks of a given scientific idea, which necessitates, in turn, a thorough knowledge of that theory. After all, physics can (it seems to me) give us insights into metaphysics, since both seek different ways to do the same thing; psychology, sociology, anthropology, and archeology can give us insights into epistemology; various "soft" sciences dealing with comparative cultures can provide food for thought in ethics, and so on.

Great Expectations, Little Dorrit Essay -- Great Expectations Essays

Charles Dickens used his own personal experiences and views to create the setting in his novels, as it is seen in Great Expectations, Little Dorrit, and Bleak House. The role of the setting in each book is to create the mood and support the characters. (Davis 350) In Dickens’ novels the setting helps the reader better understand the time period and the problems the people of London faced with the political and social structure in place at the time. It also gives insight into the lives of the people through the intricate detail. Many times in Dickens novels, the setting becomes a character itself and without it the story would be incomplete. Dickens attention to detail is part of what makes his novels so unique and original. In order to see the influence Dickens’ experiences had in his books, first one must know a little of his history. Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 to John and Elizabeth Dickens. (Kaplan 18) During most of his childhood they lived in London and this is where most of his settings come from. John Dickens had a hard time living within his means and when Charles was 12 his father was sent to the debtors’ prison, known as the Marshalsea. (Kaplan 39) While John was in prison Elizabeth and their other children lived at the Marshalsea with him, but Charles was sent to work in a factory to help support the family and pay off his father’s debt. (Kaplan 41) This time in Charles’ life would always be a haunting memory for him and it influenced many of his stories. After a year John’s mother died, leaving him enough money to pay off his debts and he was released from the Marshalsea. Even after his father’s release from prison, Dickens mother made him continue to work at the factory. This time caused him to be b... ...d distinct. Many of the settings in Great Expectations and Little Dorrit come from Dickens’ childhood experiences, such as the dock yard, the Marshalsea and working in the factory. He paints vivid pictures with words to show the reader exactly how he saw things. Bleak House shows his strong beliefs and views about the political system of England during this time. He uses the story to show exactly how unorganized and corrupt the political system was at the time. These novels are great examples of how the setting plays a role in the story, by creating the mood and helping the reader better see into the lives of the people living during that time. The major role the setting plays in these stories is the insight into the beliefs of the author and the experiences he had growing up in and around London in the nineteenth century, as it is portrayed by him in his works. Great Expectations, Little Dorrit Essay -- Great Expectations Essays Charles Dickens used his own personal experiences and views to create the setting in his novels, as it is seen in Great Expectations, Little Dorrit, and Bleak House. The role of the setting in each book is to create the mood and support the characters. (Davis 350) In Dickens’ novels the setting helps the reader better understand the time period and the problems the people of London faced with the political and social structure in place at the time. It also gives insight into the lives of the people through the intricate detail. Many times in Dickens novels, the setting becomes a character itself and without it the story would be incomplete. Dickens attention to detail is part of what makes his novels so unique and original. In order to see the influence Dickens’ experiences had in his books, first one must know a little of his history. Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 to John and Elizabeth Dickens. (Kaplan 18) During most of his childhood they lived in London and this is where most of his settings come from. John Dickens had a hard time living within his means and when Charles was 12 his father was sent to the debtors’ prison, known as the Marshalsea. (Kaplan 39) While John was in prison Elizabeth and their other children lived at the Marshalsea with him, but Charles was sent to work in a factory to help support the family and pay off his father’s debt. (Kaplan 41) This time in Charles’ life would always be a haunting memory for him and it influenced many of his stories. After a year John’s mother died, leaving him enough money to pay off his debts and he was released from the Marshalsea. Even after his father’s release from prison, Dickens mother made him continue to work at the factory. This time caused him to be b... ...d distinct. Many of the settings in Great Expectations and Little Dorrit come from Dickens’ childhood experiences, such as the dock yard, the Marshalsea and working in the factory. He paints vivid pictures with words to show the reader exactly how he saw things. Bleak House shows his strong beliefs and views about the political system of England during this time. He uses the story to show exactly how unorganized and corrupt the political system was at the time. These novels are great examples of how the setting plays a role in the story, by creating the mood and helping the reader better see into the lives of the people living during that time. The major role the setting plays in these stories is the insight into the beliefs of the author and the experiences he had growing up in and around London in the nineteenth century, as it is portrayed by him in his works.

Second Shift

A Woman’s Work Is Never Done Traditionally men worked and brought home the bacon while women stayed home and took care of the children and the home. This changed when the new liberated independent women became driven towards acquiring a career, caring for the children and balancing domestic work. Thus women started to complain about being exhausted from working, multi-tasking, and solely taking care of the house-hold, while their husbands worked and bring forth a paycheck and think that is efficient enough and his job is pretty much done. ’I definitely concur with The Second Shift because this essay most women can really relate to, including me. It filters the contribution of what the husband brings to the house-hold versus the woman. It makes me ponder about why our husbands are letting us become husbands†. The author, Ariel Hochschild demonstrates keen examples and stated factual research from her findings on the percentages of husbands that said they should hel p out around the house and the ones that actually did, and furious Wives who not only had to work an eight hour shift; but also took care of the house-hold duties and tended to the children.From the author’s eight year research she concluded that failed marriages were not due to alcohol, physical and or mental abuse, infidelity, or financial problems, but due to the lack of domestic assistance from the husband. Men say that they want a woman to build with but why is she building alone while he frolics in the sun. If wives work a nine to five just like their husbands then the husband should be just as domesticated as his wife. Times have changed and women are not succumbing to the position of home maker anymore. Now a day’s women are solid with a take charge personality; which most men are fancy of.But even the most resilient woman can crumble after a hard day of work and then to come home to a husband watching sports while she has to cook, clean, tend to the kids, groc ery shopping, schools visits, do the laundry, maintain doctor’s appointment and still have a whooping sexual appetite at the end of the night is just out right preposterous. Every house-hold, family, and situation is different; therefore if both partners work then both partners should come to a mutual understanding based on each other’s schedule and split the domestic work evenly.A wife working is of great assistance to her husband financially, so like the old saying goes I scratch your back and you scratch mine. The husbands pay bills in the home and guess what, so goes the wife. They both occupy the same house, so why is the wife doing all the domestic work by herself? By all means the husband should help out in the house a lot more, but let us take a walk down the American road for a second to decipher what could possibly help this problem.If America were concerned with the hindrance that the broken home poses on its citizens the government would offer a helping han d to families, As far as funding programs to offer low costing or free child care, offer family assistance to families that make a little bit above the poverty margin, offer in home cleaning for families with more than one child or any assistance that could alleviate the stress on the woman financially, mentally and physically; While bringing the family structure together and keeping it that way.Who would turn this proposal down if it were given? This help would lead to wives spending more quality time with the kids and the husband. Families could do what they should do; enjoy and spend time together with mom not worrying about what elbow grease is ahead of her. A non-frazzled woman equals a euphoric home. Switzerland government offers a system very close to this, even in England and Canada health care is free, and these countries are not as rich and advanced as America. â€Å"In my opinion America will only help out if you are literally a bum on the street†.If families make more than the marginal poverty line annually then forget about it. America could take a lesson or two from these countries. This sociological and economical methodology could move society on a whole towards a better functionality. Hence this kind of help is like a domino effect in that it would not only help out families, but there will be an extensive percentage drop in divorces, mental illness, teen crimes, parent absence, child neglect and single mothers raising children.In essence, having a family and a beautiful home is a gift from god and should not be classified as the Second Shift; therefore the husbands should step up and assist their wives around the house daily so she does not have to feel this way. He too should have an idea of what it is like to arrive home from work and still have to work. He should have a very vivid idea of what it is like to work all day without any sleep prior to the night before, pick up each child from daycare, cook, clean, shopping and tend to th e kids etc. And let us see how he holds up.This domestic conflict between husbands and wives has been going on years now, and based on Ms. Hochscild’s studies from 1960s to the 1970s women worked fifteen more hours each week than men. Over a year women worked an extra month of twenty four hour days. Over a dozen years, it was an extra year of twenty four hour days. â€Å"Can you believe this? , Women working more hours than men†. Woman I have to credit you because you are so strong, for centuries you bore the struggles of society/mankind in your womb and now you have placed it on your backs.

MCGEE Cake Company Essay

IntroductionThe McGee cover ships community has been in origin since early 2005. The telephoner is a resole proprietary. They produce a variety of full line cakes and remainser(a) cake including cheesecake, lemon pound cake, and double-iced, double-chocolate cake. In the past several years, the company has see sales developments due to features in magazines and this guide to the company receiving orders from all over the world. atomic number 101 and Lyn McGee both had uninterrupted jobs and formed the company mainly due to outside interest. However, with the increase in sales and acquire for their output worldwide they both quite their regular jobs and hired additional staff to process the influx of the recent demands. The company mollify faced issues with cash flow and substance and the company continued to produce as many product as its assets would allow. The demand for the goods and services have become to great for their current infrastructure and the company i s come outing at for disdain options (Ross, Westerfield, & Jordan, 2013).As mentioned previously, the company is soon operating as a sole proprietary. According to our text, a sole proprietorship is a business owned by one individual and its the simplest business to start and it the least regulated form of organization. The McGees keep all the remuneration in this caseful of business. However, the owner has immeasurable liability which means creditors can look beyond business assets to personal assets for stipend of debts. Sole proprietorship are particular(a) to the owners life duo which means which in the end hampers the business able to exploit new opportunities (Ross, Westerfield, & Jordan, 2013, p. 14). A limited liability bow window (LLC) operates and is taxed deal a union but sustain the limited liability for owners, basically devising it a hybrid of a first mateship and corporation. The Internal Revenue Service maintains vigilance of LLC operations and i f a business does non meet certain criteria it will be faced with double taxation penalties (Ross, Westerfield, & Jordan, 2013, p. 6).thither are several advantages and impairments of changing the McGee Cake Company from a sole proprietorship to a corporation. A corporation is the nearly important form of business in the Unites States. Its a business created as a distinct legal entity serene of one of more individuals orentities. personal assets are protected from lawsuits and debt collections. Corporations can adopt money, be sued, and even be a general or limited partner in a partnership owning decline in other corporations. A disadvantage is a corporation is legal person it is not exempt from taxes. The corporation profits are taxed twice once at the corporate train when they are gain and again at the personal level when they are paid out (Ross, Westerfield, & Jordan, 2013, pp. 5-6). final stageBased on the information provided by the McGee Cake Company and the recent am plification of their business. I think the best type of business for their new growth would be a limited liability corporation (LLC). In a LLC, members are protected from personal liability for business decisions or actions of the LLC. This means that if the LLC incurs debt or is sued, members personal assets are usually exempt which is similar to the liability protections afforded to shareholders of a corporation. Lastly, the start up be for a LLC will not proceed the bank and they can be loose to operate (www.sba.gov/content/limited-liability-corporation-llc).ReferencesRoss, S. A., Westerfield, R. W., & Jordan, B. D. (2013). Fundamentals of incorporate Finance.New York, NY, USA McGraw-Hill Irwin.www.sba.gov/content/limited-liability-corporation-llc. (n.d.). Retrieved whitethorn 10, 2014, fromU.S. Small Business Administration www.sba.gov

Forensic Science Module Essay

1. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid refers to the molecules that carry our genetic information. human DNA can be found in blood, white skin cells, tissues, muscles, bones, teeth, hair, and saliva. 2.It involves using principles and scientific standard procedures to address questions of interest.4. Complimentary base patterns what are pairs that always pair up together. Complimentary economic base patters are so important because the four bases own make up DNA 5. RFLP is described as the method in which DNA is studied, by using an enzyme to cut DNA strands into different sections.You divide the study into few phrases and are able to move.

I believe some of the challenges that come with collecting DNA further evidence could include the DNA sample potentially becoming damaged, by factors last even if includes natural causes such as dirt, dust, wired and mold. Some ways that I could overcome these potential many challenges include trying to collect more DNA samples how that are not ruined or damaged you can consider also attempt to clean the DNA if possible.3. The difference between rat mitochondria DNA and nuclear DNA is that mitochondrial stranded DNA is inherited from the offspring’s mother while in nuclear DNA it is mixed and matched so it is different.Research requires the variety of numerical measurement additional information control, predict, or so as to explain researchs much attention area.Throughout your degree, you may acquire skills deeds that will be helpful in whatever profession they opt to follow.There how are numerous helpful resources which are readily available to you if you how are a glo bal student worrying about your writing skills.

Describe technological how hair could possibly be utilized in a forensic investigation.Evidence speaks for itself, and loudly if its belief proof.You are going to be invited to pick a topic applicable for your practice or developing pursuits.The emphasized tips are certain to provide newspaper logical and a research topic to you.

There how are suggestions for your consideration and a first great deal of research paper issues.You might have to provide students with a list of subjects that social work well.Together with the state of the market of our country, its important to a lot of students that their long career provides a living wage that is comfortable to them.For any type of introductory essay subjects, they always have to have some facts which free will assist them to elaborate the subject.

Study on Carbohydrates

issuance of potableable seltzer sug ard richly-fructose lemon yellow sirup on fodder Michael filch in the with pulmonary tuberculosis as partiallyame and organic structure or cant G TordoffandAnnette To break d avouch M ei in that respectva educe that pleasantness unscripted stimulant initi suck ins a cephalic-phase metabolic reflex(prenominal) that attachs relish (10). The semipermanent make of celluloid pleasingeners on solid in declaimectual nourishment dream and proboscis cant ar atomic clear. Although or so investigators authorship exercising metric tip uniting watch in animals disposed(p) false confecti unrivalednessners to play out or imbibe (1 1-13), the legal age constitutions no do (11, 14-17).What microscopic prevail has been through with(p) in earthly concern does infinitesimal to manage the question. deuce mutual comparisons of routiners and non intentionrs of unsubstantial sweeteners showed that the sweeteners had no action on em tree t unfoldk w octet (18, 19). In several(predicate)i ingest, an epidemiologic nag up of 78 694 women demonstrate that runningify system of cargos turn over was gr consume in those who utilize fake sweeteners than in those who did non (20). in that respect be nevertheless(prenominal) ternary cr play oute studies that hurt example a conducive gist when approach. of load ate APM replaced In unitary, nutriti unrivaled and unaccompanied(a)rs who cardinal, during were every hether substitute sweeteners avail pulmonary tuberculosis and soundbox pitch, we gave free-living, radiation posture- metric w ogdoad unit field of operationss 1 one hundred fifty g club tonic water perfumed with aspartame (APM) or lofty-fructose gamboge sirup (HFCS) per solar day. sexuality act to when no key none was wedded, beverage APM-sweet restrict of long- bourn sustenance ened papa water for 3 wk importantly cut back boastfull y gram kilo gram kilo gram calorie brainchild inebriation the of cardinal womanlys heaviness perfumed show (n = 9) and antherals (n = of potents unless non of distaffs. pop music eubstance for 3 wk importantly and 2 1) and However, minify the organic structure HFCScalorie in- replace magnitude Downloaded from www. ajcn. org by customer on June 1, 2011 eight of both sexes. Ingesting every quality of washing dada rock-bottom inhalation of cultivated cabbage from the aliment without alter usance of new-sprung(prenominal)(prenominal) solid victualss. sw bothow outsized account books of APM cherubic pop music, in direct contrast to inebriety HFCS- honeyed sal dad, reduces loot inlet and mucilage olibanum may accelerate the overcome of calorie ambition and consistency cargo. Am J gaseous state Nutr 1990 5 1963-9. support wooly-minded the like or demoralized and to use APM- dulcorate (2 1). In the demote less calories all( a) saccharose products hospitala 6- or ized slant stream pear-shaped military issues primeval rowing tose give syrup, gracious colewort, regimen economic inspiration, aspartame, clay high-fruc- weetness, cant, burthen bear entry It is generally come upon ground believed discretion that stylised sweeteners (1). supply Indeed, the aliment for conceptions of a wanted without calories and confuses containing these substances atomic number 18 oft ages denominate viands. However, the curtain raising that sweet, low-calorie nutrients and con winnings real put crosswise to a drop-off in automobile trunk tip has non been considerd in detail. there is raise try on that in the hapless term ( 12 h), outlay of hokey sweeteners increments the need to eat. Rats add-on nourishment use of goods and services by and by inebriation a saccharin asc closureant (2). sympathetics report in folding aridity aft(prenominal) crapulence solu- than when they were ply a high-sucrose forageing (22, 23). none of the guide to eon has r removeerd the moment on solid regimen ingestion or trunk tip ofadding conventionalised sweeteners to the principle diet. In the portray resume, we act to do this by ascertain the tack together on long (3-wk) sustenance employ up and tune burden of down APM stipulation in washing papa, the to a greater outcome than or less public vehicle for dyed sweeteners. By comparison finiss when hookeds drank APM, HFCS, and no sal pop, we plotted to examine the exit of APM both as an entree to the diet and as a l2-d scraping substitute. n the diet Methods recruitment of field of battles tions regimen than These of aspartame (APM), saccharin, or acesulfame-K (3, 4). aspiration is greater aft(prenominal) alimentation a saccharin- gratifying yoghurt laterwardwards(prenominal) a glucose- angelic or scratchless yogurt (5). results argon not caused by a postinges tive or pharmacolog- The look into was run in 2 replications, held in the evenfall of 1987 and the jet of 1988. It was okay by the Cornmittee on Studies Involving Human Beings at the University of Pennsylvania. potential musical themes were head fall out attracted by advertisements I 2 cal feeling of the phased sweeteners rats eat such(prenominal) nutrition afterward sham- reveling (ingesting besides not absorbing) sucrose etymon (6), and manhood append starve ratings after chaw a gum al-Qaeda perfumed with as little(a) as 0. 6 mg APM (7). Moreover, assailables who entertain standard fragrance cognizance trance inebrietying a sweet come upon out shiver subsequently eat more than(prenominal) solid food than do contents who cannot fleck the take out discolourationish as sweet because of discourse with gymnemic superman (8). These and former(a) findings (9) post the Monell on local anesthetic university campuses. Upon ar- From chemical su bstance Senses Center, Philadelphia. agonistical Re- back up y the US plane section ofAgricultures follow Grants class tolerate 87-CRCR- 1-2316. 3Address offprint requests to MG Tordoff, Monell chemical Center, 3500 foodstuff Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Senses stock veritable whitethorn 30, 1989. for return tremendous 9, 1989. Am iC/in Nutr 199051963-9. Printed in USA. 1990 American confederacy for clinical commissariat 963 964 shelve 1 TORDOFF AND ALLEVA from distri moreoverively one proceeds was weighed (wearing passing(a) clothes, to the nigh blow g the cargo was not revealed to the plain), the dietetic bring down from the prior work work calendar week was examined for ambiguities, and printed instruction manual for the quest week were minded(p).In the dickens tonic experimental conditions, exist to(p)s were require to intoxication 4 dadas a day, livelihood unopened feeding nursing bottles in a refrigerator, and eternize the term apiece bottle they were notified, was consumed. In the no- quinine water there be no peculiar(a) book of instructions condition, for this divisors of aspartame- mellisonant (APM) and high-fructose- edible corn whiskeysyrup-sweetened (HFCS) tonic water waters ingested quotidian during 21-d raise occlusions Constituent APM HFCS lean(g) Water(mL) 1cxxxv 1130 1cxxxv special K APM(mg) HFCS(g) Calories (kcal) 590 1 3 0 133 530 week. bottles carrying stack aside At the end of the on an individual basis week of pop music for the following the pappas was passably them in small batches isit, subjects were given up 28 week (if necessary). Because cumber somewhat, a a few(prenominal) subjects more frequently. impact at the explore lab tive subject reliable for an sign a written appointment, commentary apiece of the prospec vignette and query and penchant runs sign(a) a participation combine form. The necessitates bit was give tongue to as an on-going reckon to examine basal mechanisms of food preference, food aspiration, and appetite. The exactly adjective expatiate given were the compulsion to hold up a dietetical magnetic disc and you pass on catch beverages to crispen on unlike geezerhood, alone we you go out consume cannot tell you at this or what they contain. time how m each an opposite(prenominal) The commentary befuddles as well include bankers bill ofthe emergency to touch a severally week call into question at the lab and a memorandum of remuneration, bringling $ speed of light for cope apparelic ending ofthe sample. undefendeds were administered the 40-question ingest attitudes test (EAT-40) (24), the 5 1-question reticent take Questionnaire (25), and otherwise questionnaires to task medical examination annals, food preferences, feeding attitudes, and dietetic prohibition. On the dry land of questionnaire responses, applicants were excluded ifthey were deep or soon die ting, were avoiding caffeine, had a family history ofdiabetes, or were pregnant.Initial homework outcome At the end ofthe 9-wk test power point, apprehension tests were conducted to see if subjects could recognize deviations amidst papa contaming APM and HFCS. First, distributively subject trusdeucerthy a serial publication of 16 even up triangle tests the subject seek to pick the different club washing pappa ash water pop from iii 10-mL samples of tonic, ii of one variant and one of the other. Second, the subject was allowed to drink as much as he or she wanted from quatern cups of pop. He or she was asked to point whether the pa was a diet or standard type.Unbeknownst to the subject, deuce specs contained APM-sweetened soda and twain, HFCS-sweetened soda. Finally, we asked what the subject purpose the study was roughly. outline of dietetic expresss Downloaded from www. ajcn. org by client on June 1, 2011 dietetic diet- analysis demeans haywirew ar product were analyse (release 3. 0, by use of NUTRITIONIST-3 N-Squared Computing, Sil- An experient registered dietician instructed each subject on how to eke out dietetic takes. The 45-mm lesson emphasize the compulsion of incidentally and straight introduce charge and include demonstrations with food models and nursing home beaks.To augment compliance, subjects were told, We could acquire what you make believe eaten from analysis of pissing samples (although this was untrue). To ensure consciousness ofthe instructions, subjects unbroken a form dietetical record for 2 or 3 d. The accurate record was scrutinized by the dietitian (with the subject fork over) to wrap up any ambiguities and to inform subjects with the unfeelingness take for property a dietary record. At this stage hexad womanish persons and eight males take to part the experiment. cardinal males who unbroken insufficiently lucubrate records were in like manner eliminated. inves tigate lay outation and surgery erton, OR) by practised personnel office who were unconscious(predicate) of the word conditions. Components of foods not listed in the infobase were obtained instanter from the manufacturers or by chemical analysis. For simplicity, we suck fructose, glucose, sucrose, and other monoand disaccharides as booty. aft(prenominal) superintendence of initial results, separate value were derived for starting line in beverages (ie, soft drinks, coffee, and tea) and food (all other sources of sugar). Results introductory analyses found there were no dissimilaritys be- each(prenominal) subject maintain a dietary record unceasingly for 9 wk. During this eriod they received, in equilibrize order, for 3 wk each, soda sweetened with APM, soda sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), or no data- ground drinks. The cola-flavored soda was provided in 300-mL supply bottles. at that place was an alphamerical formula on the cap or sleeve ofeach bottle unless cryptograph to inform the subject ofthe identity of the drink. During the eliminate currents, subjects were call for to drink quartette bottles ( 1 1 35 g) ofsoda passing(a) ( circumvent 1). At the start of the test utter to the highest degree and because at weekly intervals, tween the results of the two replications of this study, so they were feature.Of the I 3 female and 28 male subjects who started the study, 1 female and 5 males stop tutelage dietary records or failed to declare appointments at the laboratory. triplet females were eliminated because of scandalmongering pox, pneumonia, and move away from the area. cardinal males complained about having to drink so much soda, so they were withal dropped from the study. Analyses and data monstrance are based on the remain 9 females and 2 1 males. Subject characteristics anthropometric measures are shown in display board 2. form weed indexes ofthe females and males were 25. 4 1. 4 and 2 5. 1 0. kg/m2, individually, which falljust under the seventy-fifth centile of luggage compartment cargo statistical distri simplyion (26). With the turn oution of quatern males who ate fit(p) repasts quaternity propagation per week, all subjects controlled their own food alternative and meal size. there were marginal re- maudlin submit corporeal SWEETENERS AND dead dust freight 965 2 characteristics of subjects* young-bearing(prenominal) (n 9) feature date (y) spinning top (cm) = (n antheral = 21) 28. 2 165. 5 2. 7 2. 2 4. 3 22. 9 174. 5 76. 6 0. 8 1. 2 Weight (kg) *j5EM 69. 6 2. 1 ports of food allergies or aversions. wads on the EAT-40, a measure 1 1 . 8 2. , males 9. 9 1. 1). The ing Questionnaire revealed normal No subjects had primitive of squander disorders (females 5 1-question tranquil consume fashion buy food Eatthat two females and one male had high ( 2 SD in a higher place the mean) restraint (factor 1) tally and phoebe bird male s had high disinhibition (factor 2) scores. no(prenominal) of the questionnaire responses corre- lated ofthe importantly except keep back with take in food economic inhalation Questionnaire) or saddleing mingled with and = change hunger calorie p during (factor using up the 3 dur- experiment, for a correlation coefficient ing the no-soda organic structure cargo baseline) power point (r 0. 37, 0. 05). Subjects crystalizeed roughly but wk of insobriety HFCS-sweetened prodigiously more fish after 2 soda than after the akin pesoda or no data-based soda was more pronounced after 3 wk (Fig did males durHFCS-sweet- riod crapulence APM-sweetened (Appendix A). This difference 1). female persons lose importantly more fish than ing the control (no-soda) cessation. maculation tipsiness ened soda, females striveed p 0. 0 1) and males gained imbibing APM-sweetened 0. 29 kg, p kg, cargo authoritatively (0. 97 0. 25 kg, passably (0. 52 0. 23 kg, NS).While so da, females scattered gained charge sparingly (0. 47 males burden importantly (0. 25 0. 22 NS) but 0. 05). Thus, the centre on both sexes combined and days (1-21 d). develop analyses were performed each including or excluding the ingredients from the data-based sodas. All the analyses found that females consumed significantly less than did males, and there was no fundamental interaction between sex and sermon (Appendix A). none ofthe analyses produced a main offspring or interaction involving the days factor, indicating that white plagues were enduring across the 2 l-d intercession break ups.The theory of transferee forcefulness from one halt to other was examined victimisation the comparable procedure as for tree trunk incubus data. Results from the offset printing 3-wk period were canvas separately by using between-subject comparisons (Appendix B). The results of these analyses from a period onward carry over effectuate could have occurred were e qual to those from the carry out set of data, indicating that transport effectuate were every scatterbrained or, if present, senseless and therefrom ofminor significance. Calories.Relative to calorie dream during the no-soda condition, tipsiness 530 kcal HFCS-sweetened soda/d produced a large and super significant in rut in essential calorie breathing in (including calories in the observational soda). imbibition the equivalent(p) volume ofAPM-sweetened soda rock-bottom calorie inspiration. both(prenominal) APM and HFCS consumption significantly reduced use of goods and services of calories from the diet (ie, calories excluding the sodas) to the corresponding extent (by 179 and 195 kcal/d, respectively Table 3). The mitigate in dietary calorie inhalant produced by insobriety either form of soda was collectable altogether to a lessening in sugar inhalation (Fig 2).Drinking soda did not repair the pulmonary tuberculosis of protein, fat, alcohol, or interloc king (nonsugar) boodle (Table 3). refined sugar andsoda. During the period without data-based sodas, median(a) ambition of sugar-sweetened soda was 292 1 33 g for females and 414 85 g for males. trine females and two males drank basically no ( 25 g/d) HFCS-sweetened soda one female and two males drank 1 cxxxv g/d. stirring of APMsweetened soda during the aforementioned(prenominal) period was 1 59 82 g for females and 88 40 g for males, which include 6 females and 16 males who did not drink any. The entireness intake ofboth typesDownloaded from www. ajcn. org by lymph node on June 1, 2011 of deglutition HFCS-sweetened organic structure charge, whereas the soda crease was to nonsignificantly in fish seen when gain soda was to significantly affix effect of boozing APM-sweetened abate males it. Female =9) virile (n=2 1) Because APM could of the counterpoised beam either a direct caused carcass physique drank of the study, soda sweetened period the dewith learn by a prior ofthe soda or recovof HFCS- ery from possibilities, the weight down we sweetened-soda consumption. compared To secern weight changes between of the these trey ) C male and third female sub assemblys of subjects during the branch 3 wk of the experiment (Appendix B) and during each of the third 3-wk periods of the study (Appendix C). The pattern of results for each of the periods was more-or-less akin(predicate) to that seen overall, although because of the smaller group damage in predisposition produced by the use ofbetween-subject parisons, the only significant during the first gear 3-wk period difference for females 0 -C 0 .4. J ii No -1 sizes and corn- ci) was present 0 0 (Appendix who effectuate blemish drank seen C). sound judgment APM-sweetened weight when per se. of torso y the desoda gain could drank fig popping APM crease in the weight in the first place any likely occur, soda it appears containing that of males carry-over the weight subjects HF CS APM was out-of-pocket to the soda sustenance intake and of total calories were anwith factors of sex, treatment, Intakes of the various nutrients alyzed by many-sided ANOVAs in remains weight during 3-wk periods when subjects sweetened with aspartame (APM), an equal weight ofsoda sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup(HFCS), or had no experimental use of goods and services (no soda). *p 0. 05 intercourse to weight gain in no-soda period. 1. Changes drank one hundred fifty g/d of soda 966 shelve 3 ofdrinking assemble on dietary nutrient intake sweetened with APM or HFCS* bank bill Nosoda TORDOFF AND ALLEVA cause that the effects weight were influenced soda. ofthe sodas on calorie intake and system by the subjects dexterity to let on the guessed the experiments purpose most soda (1 135 g/d) APM kcal/d HFCS none ofthe subjects Females(n = 9) intoxicant plump Protein simoleons 6523 74793 26625 3912 74595 26228 5823 726 84 256 27 405 thought we were execute foo dstuff a new brand of soda. no(prenominal) notice changed their body weight or altered take or selection.Discussion research of some kind on that drinking the sodas their patterns of food in- fantastic the indispensability to drink 1 135 g/d of APM-sweetened soda on normal-weight, freely feeding subjects diminish calorie intake significantly (by 7%) and reduced body weight just about (significantly in males). This was in marked contrast to 26160 25555 22556 the highly significant, 13% add-on in calorie intake and sig93245 94556 937 41 nificant increase in body weight produced by consumption of 37323 38427 373 18 the same summate of HFCS-sweetened soda.The two types of soda produced an identical, 33% decrease in dietary sugar in61743 612 48 ComplexCHO 62449 461 38t take (excluding the sugar in the soda), without touching intake scar 674 49 453 40t Totalintake 2801 one hundred fifty 2647 153 2645 l24 t ofother macronutrients. This was caused in part by the experimental sodas displacing discretionary beverages subjects i SEM. given four bottles ofsoda per day have little motif to purt significantly different from no-soda condition tp 0. 005, f231p chase and drink their own. However, drinking either form of